Em uma enquete, com 500 estudantes, sobre a preferência de cada um com três tipos diferentes de sucos (laranja, manga e acerola), chegou-se ao seguinte resultado: 300 estudantes gostam do suco de laranja; 200 gostam do suco de manga; 150 gostam do suco de acerola; 75 gostam dos sucos de laranja e acerola; 100 gostam dos sucos de laranja e manga; 10 gostam dos três sucos e 65 não gostam de nenhum dos três sucos.

O número de alunos que gosta dos sucos de manga e acerola é: 

Talk about sleepless nights.

Patients taking prescription sleep aids on a regular basis were nearly five times as likely as non-users to die over a period of two and a half years, according to a recent study. Even those prescribed fewer than 20 pills a year were at risk, the researchers found; heavy users also were more likely to develop cancer 

Unsurprisingly, the findings, published online in the journal BMJ, have caused a quite a stir. Americans filled some 60 million prescriptions for sleeping pills last year, up from 47 million in 2006, according to IMS Health, a health care services company. Panicked patients have been calling doctors’ offices seeking reassurance; some others simply quit the pills cold turkey.

 Some experts were quick to point out the study’s shortcomings. The analysis did not prove that sleeping pills cause death, critics noted, only that there may be a correlation between the two. And while the authors suggested the sleeping pills were a factor in the deaths, those who use sleep aids tend as a group to be sicker than those who don’t use them. The deaths may simply be a reflection of poorer health. 

Still, the findings underscore concern about the exploding use of sleeping pills. Experts say that many patients, especially the elderly, should exercise more caution when using sleep medications, including the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics so popular today, like zolpidem (brand name Ambien), eszopiclone (Lunesta) and zaleplon (Sonata).

“If someone comes to me on a sleeping pill, usually my tactic is to try to take them off it,” said Dr. Nancy A. Collop, president of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and director of the Emory Sleep Center in Atlanta, who was an investigator in a clinical trial of Lunesta five years ago 

The non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics, on the market since the late 1980s, are believed to be safer and less likely to be abused than benzodiazepines or barbiturates. But many people take them for years, even though most are approved only for short-term use and generally their safety and effectiveness have not been evaluated beyond several weeks in clinical trials. (One exception is Lunesta, which was tested for up to six months.)

Some data suggest that the medications do not even do what they promise all that well, said Dr. Steven Woloshin, a professor of medicine at the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice.

“The definition of insomnia is that you get less than six and a half hours of sleep, and it takes you 30 minutes or more to fall asleep,” said Dr. Woloshin, who is advocating for new labeling that spells out how well a drug actually works compared with a placebo. “But even when the drugs work better than placebos, and they don’t always, people still don’t fall asleep in less than 30 minutes, and they still don’t sleep much longer than six hours.”

March 12, 2012 / www.nytimes.com

The underlined word “still” in “Still, the findings underscore concern about the exploding use of sleeping pills.” could be replaced, without changing its meaning, by:

Um novo tipo de replicador surgiu recentemente neste planeta. Ainda está em sua infância num caldo primordial, mas já está evoluindo a uma velocidade que deixa o gene para trás. O novo caldo é a cultura humana. Precisamos de um nome para o novo replicador, que passe a ideia de uma unidade de transmissão cultural, ou unidade de imitação.
Exemplos de memes são melodias, ideias, "slogans", roupas da moda, modos de fazer potes ou de construir arcos. Os memes propagam-se de cérebro a cérebro por meio de imitação. Se um cientista ouve ou lê uma ideia boa, ele a transmite a seus colegas e alunos. Se a ideia "pegar", pode-se dizer que ela se propaga por si própria.
                                                                                                                                                 

                                                                                                                                              DAWKINS, R. O gene egoísta. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1976 (adaptado).

Nesses termos, o paralelo entre a evolução biológica e a evolução cultural somente será válido se

(MACKENZIE) O manganês utilizado na indústria siderúrgica na fabricação de ferroligas é obtido em um processo, cujo rendimento global apresenta 60% no qual a pirolusita (MnO₂) com pureza de 43,5% é tratada com carvão coque e ar atmosférico, formando o monóxido de manganês. Em uma segunda etapa, o manganês contido no monóxido continua sendo reduzido, formando, por fim, o manganês metálico, de acordo com as equações abaixo:

MnO_2(s) + C_(s) + ½ O_2(g) →MnO_(s) + CO_2(g)

2 MnO_(s) + C_(s) → 2 Mn_(s) + CO_2(g)

O = 16 e Mn = 55

A perfuração de poços para a extração de petróleo causa soterramento do leito submarino, contaminação química e aumento da turbidez da água. Além disso, o vazamento desses hidrocarbonetos gera efeitos adversos, em especial no metabolismo de organismos aquáticos, influenciando as cadeias alimentares de ecossistemas marinhos. Essas consequências negativas advêm das propriedades do petróleo, uma mistura oleosa de substâncias orgânicas, de coloração escura e menos densa que a água.

A consequência do vazamento dessa mistura na produtividade primária do ecossistema é o(a)