Los orígenes de la habitual expresíon ¡che!

¿Hay algo más argentino que la expresión "che"? Muchos afirmarían que no, que dehecho "che" es sinónimo de argentino. Sin embargo, las continuas oleadas migratorias querecibió el país a finales del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX le dan un origen más complejo.

A Valencia, ubicada en la costa mediterránea española, se le conoce como la tierra de los"che". "Es muy probable que la expresión viajara con los emigrantes que llegaron a Argentina.Entre 1857 y 1935 casi tres millones de españoles arribaron a Buenos Aires", comenta lafilóloga e historiadora Inés Celaya.

El "che", no obstante, es un hijo con varios padres. Algunos filólogos italianos reclaman la paternidad y sitúan su nacimiento en Venecia, cuna del "cocoliChe", un dialecto que transmitió muchas palabras al lunfardo, la jerga que nació en los bares bonaerenses. De 1814 a 1970 llegaron a Argentina unos seis millones de emigrantes italianos, siendo la comunidad europea más grande del país.

Otra vertiente del "che" es su posible origen en las comunidades indígenas del norte de Argentina. En guaraní "che" significa "yo" y también se utiliza como el posesivo "mi". "Em cualquier caso el 'che' es una palabra errante, que ha cruzado culturas y océanos. Ya no sólo forma parte de la historia del Mediterráneo sino del cono sur de América", detalla Celaya.

Disponível em: www.lanacion.com.ar. Acesso em: 8 jul. 2015 (adaptado).

O texto trata da origem da expressão “che”. No caso do espanhol da Argentina, essa expressão reflete a

Folclore designa o conjunto de costumes, lendas, provérbios, festas tradicionais/populares, manifestações artísticas em geral, preservado, por meio da tradição oral, por um povo ou grupo populacional. Para exemplificar, cita-se o frevo, um ritmo de origem pernambucana surgido no início do século XX. Ele é caracterizado pelo andamento acelerado e pela dança peculiar, feita de malabarismos, rodopios e passos curtos, além do uso, como parte da indumentária, de uma sombrinha colorida, que permanece aberta durante a coreografia.

As manifestações culturais citadas a seguir que integram a mesma categoria folclórica descrita no texto são:

(UFPA) The Impact of Media Violence on Children and Adolescents: Opportunities for Clinical Interventions

Over the past 30 years there has been extensive research on the relationship between televised violence and violent behavior among youth. Longitudinal, cross-sectional, and experimental studies have all confirmed this correlation. Televised violence and the presence of television in American households have increased steadily over the years. Studies reveal that children watch approximately 28 hours of television a week, more time than they spend in school. The typical American child will view more than 200,000 acts of violence, including more than 16,000 murders before age 18. Television programs display 812 violent acts per hour; children's programming, particularly cartoons, displays up to 20 violent acts hourly.

How does televised violence result in aggressive behavior? Some researchers have demonstrated that very young children will imitate aggressive acts on TV in their play with peers. Before age 4, children are unable to distinguish between fact and fantasy and may view violence as an ordinary occurrence. In general, violence on television and in movies often conveys a model of conflict resolution. It is efficient, frequent, and inconsequential. Heroes are violent, and, as such, are rewarded for their behavior. 1They become role models for youth. The typical scenario of using violence for a righteous cause may translate in daily life into a justification for using violence to retaliate against perceived victimizers. Hence, vulnerable youth who have been victimized may be tempted to use violent means to solve problems. Unfortunately, there are few, if any, models of nonviolent conflict resolution in the media. Additionally, children who watch televised violence are desensitized to it. They may come to see violence as a fact of life and, over time, lose their ability to empathize with both the victim and the victimizer.

Child and adolescent psychiatrists, pediatricians and other physicians can have a major impact on the effects of media violence. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has created a list of recommendations to address television violence. It suggests that physicians talk openly with parents about the nature and extent of viewing patterns in their homes. Parents should limit television to 1-2 hours daily and watch programs with their children, enabling them to address any objectionable material seen.

Physicians should make parents and schools "media literate," meaning they should understand the risks of exposure to violence and teach children how to interpret what they see on television and in the movies, including the intent and content of commercials. In doing so, children may be increasingly able to discern which media messages are suitable. Schools and homes should teach children conflict resolution.

Physicians, in their role as health promoters, should become more active in educating the media to become more sensitive to the impact of violence on youth. The arena of media violence is a new frontier where physicians can promote health through public education and advocacy.

(http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/developmentor/the_impact_of_media_violence_on_children_and_adolescents_opportunities_for_clinical_interventions)

No enunciado “They become role models for youth” (ref. 1), o vocábulo sublinhado se refere a:

No último mês de janeiro, nas comemorações do Dia de Martin Luther King, propagou-se, mais uma vez, a frase Black lives matter “Vidas negras importam”, que surgiu nos protestos gerados pela morte de jovem negro, em agosto de 2014, na cidade norte-americana de Ferguson.

A utilização dessa frase nas comemorações de 2015 aponta para uma contradição existente entre uma característica da ordem política norte-americana e um impedimento ao pleno exercício dos direitos civis.

Essa característica e esse impedimento, respectivamente, são:

A partir do solo, o pai observa seu filho numa roda gigante. Considere a altura A, em metros, do filho em relação ao solo, dada pela função  onde o tempo (t) é dado em segundos e a medida angular em radianos. Assim sendo, a altura máxima e mínima e o tempo gasto para uma volta completa, observados pelo pai, são, respectivamente: