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Mental health determinants

Adolescence (10-19 years) is a unique and formative time. It is a crucial period for

developing and maintaining social and emotional habits important for mental

well-being. These include adopting healthy sleep patterns; taking regular exercise;

developing coping, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills; and learning to manage

emotions. Supportive environments in the family, at school and in the wider

community are also important. An estimated 10-20% of adolescents globally

experience mental health conditions, I these remain underdiagnosed and

undertreated.

Multiple factors determine mental health outcomes. The more risk factors

adolescents are exposed to, II the potential impact on their mental health. Factors

that can contribute to stress during adolescence include a desire for greater

autonomy, pressure to conform with peers, exploration of sexual identity, and

increased access to and use of technology. Media influence and gender norms can

exacerbate the disparity between an adolescent’s lived reality and their perceptions

or aspirations for the future. Other important determinants include the quality of their

home life and relationships with peers. Violence (including harsh parenting and

bullying) and socioeconomic problems are recognized risks to mental health.

Children and adolescents are especially vulnerable to sexual violence, which has a

clear association with detrimental mental health.

Some adolescents are at greater risk of mental health conditions due to their living

conditions, stigma, discrimination or exclusion, or lack of access to quality support

and services.

Emotional disorders commonly emerge during adolescence. In addition to

depression or anxiety, adolescents with emotional disorders can also experience

excessive irritability, frustration or anger. Symptoms can overlap across more than

one emotional disorder with rapid and unexpected changes in mood and emotional

outbursts. Younger adolescents may additionally develop emotionrelated physical

symptoms such as stomachache, headache or nausea.

Globally, depression is the fourth leading cause of illness and disability among

adolescents aged 15-19 years and fifteenth for those aged 10-14 years. Anxiety is

the ninth leading cause for adolescents aged 15-19 years and sixth for those aged

10-14 years. Emotional disorders can profoundly affect areas like schoolwork and

school attendance. Social withdrawal can exacerbate isolation and loneliness.

Promoting psychological well-being and protecting adolescents from adverse

experiences and risk factors that may impact their potential to thrive are critical for

their well-being during adolescence and for their physical and mental health in

adulthood.

(Adapted from https://www.who.int)

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