Women in History

Elizabeth, the last Tudor monarch, was born in Greenwich on 7 September 1533. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was just two years old, her mother was beheaded for adultery on the orders of her father and she was exiled from court. In later years Catherine Parr, Henry's sixth wife, took a keen interest in the young Elizabeth and made sure that she was educated to the highest standards. In 1553, Elizabeth's older half-sister Mary became Queen. Mary was determined to reestablish Catholicism in England and viewed the Protestant Elizabeth as a direct threat. Elizabeth was briefly imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1554 following a failed rebellion, of which she claimed no knowledge. In November 1558, after the death of Mary I, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne. Some see Elizabeth’s 45 year reign as a golden age of English history. She was a shrewd and intelligent woman who was fluent in six languages. Elizabeth’s first priority on becoming Queen was to return England to the Protestant Faith. She helped create a Church of England that, although Protestant, allowed some of the old Catholic traditions to continue. Elizabeth chose an able set of administrators to aid her during her rule, including William Cecil, Lord Burghley as her Secretary of State and Sir Francis Walsingham, in charge of intelligence. Elizabeth's reign also saw England significantly expand its trade overseas and in 1580 Sir Francis Drake became the first Englishman to successfully circumnavigate the earth. The arts flourished in England during this period as William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser and Christopher Marlowe created poetry and drama while composers such as Thomas Byrd and William Tallis worked in Elizabeth’s court. The Queen was also keen to be seen by her subjects. She went on 25 regional visits known as "progresses" during her reign, often riding on horseback rather than traveling in a carriage. Elizabeth built a large navy, which explored the world. In 1588, Spain sent many ships, called the Spanish Armada, to take over England. Elizabeth sent her large navy to fight the Spanish. England won the battle, which is one of the most important battles in English history. Elizabeth never married and died on 24th March 1603.

According to the article, Catherine Parr, King Henry's last wife:

Quais eram as principais atividades econômicas exploradas por Portugal nas terras coloniais brasileiras?

A chegada dos portugueses no Brasil,causou mudanças profundas na vida dos povos que habitavam o território.

A) Quais eram os habitantes do território brasileiro antes da chegada dos portugueses?

B) Quais foram as mudanças provocadas na vida dos nativos com a chegada dos portugueses?

Para muitos norte-americanos, Vietnã é o nome de uma guerra, não de um país. Os vietnamitas parecem figuras sombrias, sem nome nem rosto, vítimas desamparadas ou agressores cruéis. A história começa apenas quando os Estados Unidos entram em cena.

 (Adaptado de Marvin E. Gettleman et. alli (Ed.), Vietnam and America: a documented history. New York: Grove Press, 1995, p. xiii.)

 Esse desconhecimento dos norte-americanos quanto a seus adversários na Guerra do Vietnã pode ser relacionado ao fato de os norte-americanos: