(CPS) Uma importante adaptação ao frio é a capacidade de hibernação de alguns mamíferos, como certos morcegos e marmotas, em épocas de muito frio. A hibernação é semelhante a um sono profundo, com a manutenção da taxa metabólica em níveis muito baixos. Com esse artifício, esses animais conseguem suportar as condições adversas do inverno, principalmente a escassez de comida, uma vez que o metabolismo reduzido diminui o consumo de energia e eles podem viver à custa da gordura armazenada no corpo.

É correto afirmar que durante a hibernação, a taxa metabólica atinge níveis muito baixos porque

(FUVEST 2012 1ª FASE) Os indígenas foram também utilizados em determinados momentos, e sobretudo na fase inicial [da colonização do Brasil]; nem se podia colocar problema nenhum de maior ou melhor “aptidão” ao trabalho escravo (...). O que talvez tenha importado é a rarefação demográfica dos aborígines, e as dificuldades de seu apresamento, transporte, etc. Mas na “preferência” pelo africano revela-se, mais uma vez, a engrenagem do sistema mercantilista de colonização; esta se processa num sistema de relações tendentes a promover a acumulação primitiva de capitais na metrópole; ora, o tráfico negreiro, isto é, o abastecimento das colônias com escravos, abria um novo e importante setor do comércio colonial, enquanto o apresamento dos indígenas era um negócio interno da colônia. Assim, os ganhos comerciais resultantes da preação dos aborígines mantinham-se na colônia, com os colonos empenhados nesse “gênero de vida”; a acumulação gerada no comércio de africanos, entretanto, fluía para a metrópole; realizavam-na os mercadores metropolitanos, engajados no abastecimento dessa “mercadoria”. Esse talvez seja o segredo da melhor “adaptação” do negro à lavoura ... escravista. Paradoxalmente, é a partir do tráfico negreiro que se pode entender a escravidão africana colonial, e não o contrário.

Fernando A. Novais. Portugal e Brasil na crise do Antigo Sistema Colonial. SãoPaulo:Hucitec,1979, p.105. Adaptado.

Nesse trecho, o autor afirma que, na América portuguesa,

Para montar uma caixa com produtos de perfumaria e dar de presente no Dia dos Namorados, Luciano pesquisou e comparou as seguintes opções e preços de produtos:



Luciano quer montar uma caixa com 1 sabonete, 2 desodorantes distintos (um diferente do outro) e 1 batom. 

Marque a opção que representa o valor da caixa mais barata:

THE POWER OF METAPHORS

Imagine your city isn’t as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are

increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city officials

do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and lock them away in a growing network of

prisons? Or design programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a faltering economy

[05] and underperforming schools?

Your answer – and the reasoning behind it – can hinge on the metaphor being used to describe the

problem, according to new research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can even be swayed

with just one word, they say.

Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral candidate Paul Thibodeau were

[10] curious about how subtle cues and common figures of speech can frame approaches to difficult

problems. “Some estimates suggest that one out of every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor”,

said Thibodeau, the study’s lead author. “But we didn’t know the extent to which these metaphors

influence people”.

In five experiments, test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs about rising crime rates in

[15] the fictional city of Addison and answer questions about the city. The researchers gauged how

people answered these questions in light of how crime was described – as a beast or a virus.

They found the test subjects’ proposed solutions differed a great deal depending on the metaphor

they were exposed to. The results have shown that people will likely support an increase in police

forces and jailing of offenders if crime is described as a “beast” preying on a community. But if

[20] people are told crime is a “virus” infecting a city, they are more inclined to treat the problem

with social reform. According to Boroditsky: “People like to think they’re objective. They want to

believe they’re logical. But they’re really being swayed by metaphors”.

To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the researchers also examined what role

political persuasions play in people’s approach to reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans

[25] would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate criminals than Democrats, who would prefer

enacting social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more likely to suggest an

enforcement-based solution.

“We can’t talk about any complex situation – like crime – without using metaphors”, said

Boroditsky. “Metaphors aren’t just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things

[30] we’re trying to explain and figure out. And they have consequences for determining what we decide

is the right approach to solving problems”.

While their research focused on attitudes about crime, their findings can be used to understand the

implications of how a casual or calculated turn of phrase can influence debates and change minds.

Adaptado de news.stanford.edu.

we didn’t know the extent to which these metaphors influence people. (l. 12-13)

In the fragment above, the doubt expressed by the researcher can be formulated by the following question:

Texto base: 10509915

Read the text. Valentine’s Day is celebrated on February 14th. The Roman Emperor, Claudius II, lives around the year 200 and is not a Christian. He decides that his soldiers cannot marry, because married soldiers do not make good soldiers. Valentine is a man who works for the church, and one day he helps a soldier to get married. The Emperor says: “Valentine has to die!” In prison, Valentine falls in love with a woman. The day he dies, he sends her a note and at the end of it, he says: “Your Valentine”. He dies on February 14th . People send each other some Valentine’s cards. Some children give their friends and teachers cards or boxes of chocolates. Some man give their girlfriends flowers.

MAGUIRE, Jackie. Seasons and Celebrations. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 4 - 5. Adapted.     

Glossary

Christian – cristão.

Soldiers – soldados.

Married – casados.

To die – morrer.

To fall in love – apaixonar-se.

Enunciado:

Read the sentence from the text.

The Emperor says: “Valentine has to die!”

Now complete the dialogue without changing the meaning.

Someone asks:

Q: _____________________?

A: Yes, Valentine has to die.

Mark the correct option.