Riqueza ameaçada

Boa parte dos 180 idiomas sobreviventes está ameaçada de extinção - mais da metade (110) é falada por menos de 500 pessoas. No passado, era comum pessoas serem amarradas em árvores quando se expressavam em suas línguas, lembra o cacique Felisberto Kokama, um analfabeto para os nossos padrões e um guardião da pureza de seu idioma (caracterizado por uma diferença marcante entre a fala masculina e a feminina), lá no Amazonas, no Alto Solimões. Outro Kokama, o professor Leonel, da região de Santo Antônio do Içá (AM), mostra o problema atual: “Nosso povo se rendeu às pessoas brancas pelas dificuldades de sobrevivência. O contato com a língua portuguesa foi exterminando e dificultando a prática da nossa língua. Há poucos falantes, e com vergonha de falar. A língua é muito preconceituada entre nós mesmos”.

Revista Língua Portuguesa. São Paulo: Segmento, nº 26 , 2007.

O desaparecimento gradual ou abrupto de partes importantes do patrimônio linguístico e cultural do país possui causas variadas. Segundo o professor Leonel, da região de Santo Antônio do Içá (AM), os idiomas indígenas sobreviventes estão ameaçados de extinção devido ao:

(UERJ) The art of difference

Mutuality in recognizing and negotiating difference is crucial for people to deal with their past and the future; it is also essential in the process of creating a culture of responsibility. How can this be achieved and what is the role of art in this process?

¹A vision based on ideologies solves both challenges of sharing – the interpretation of the past and the projections of the future. But ideologies are somehow “total”, if not totalitarian, because there is not much space for serious public negotiation. Individuals, then, lose their integrity or are restricted to their private spheres and, in the end, their memories become part of the dominant identity discourse, their aspirations are delegated. Even in less obvious systems of ideological rule, where individual subscription to the official story line seems to be consciously voluntary and collective memories are willingly encouraged for the sake of collective identities, the negotiation of difference is often not welcome: exclusion happens quickly ²and non-conformist doubts produce suspicion.

A democratic vision – shared aspirations for the future, based on negotiated interpretations of the past that respect diversity – is necessarily found in complex processes of private and public discourse and participatory and inclusive culture. Yet, politics tends to reduce complexity and engineer the balance between the individual and the collective rather than invest in processes of negotiation. We have learned, ¹¹though, that this social engineering is a phantasm, largely limited and limiting, and, even if successful, often creates paranoid and fatal structures of homogeneity by trying to mould memories and hopes.

Humankind has gathered impressive knowledge about the limitations of the human will and the failures of such “engineering”. ¹²Nevertheless, despite this, and maybe even because of it, we cannot give up trying the ³impossible: to create conditions for equality and solidarity for individuals to flourish. These conditions should be accompanied by narratives of a just, fair and free commonwealth of all. If history and memory seem to make this dream an ⁴unlikely scenario, can art play this part?

The role of art is precisely to keep inspiration alive, to deconstruct ideology, to ⁵recall the necessary dream of freedom, of the individual and of the common good beyond the “either/or” and beyond simplicity. In this sense, art in general prevents false hopes, and thus generates hope in the most paradoxical way: the only way of hoping that reaches beyond the private sphere without some kind of ideological distortion.

What makes art so unique? And why? Because the best narratives of art are purpose-free, uniquely non-instrumental, simply human. Art narrates what we don’t understand in ⁷enlightened ways. Artists in particular offer a wealth of ⁶unseen perspectives and ⁸unexpected pathways of human exploration. Art makes us aware that all memories are personal, despite the power of collective narratives. Arts and culture empower people to think freely, to imagine the ⁹unimagined, to feel responsible across borders and boundaries. Hopefully, the narratives of the future will be ¹⁰intercultural – and art will be the ally in the art of difference that needs to be further developed. “Art is about difference, art is difference”, as stated by Igor Dobricic*. And it is difference that will be at the origin of the new bonding narratives of confidence.

Gottfried Wagner alliancepublishing.org

The ideas expressed in a text might be perceived as true because of the choice and repetition of a specific tense.

The verb tense that makes the ideas in the text seem true is:

(MACKENZIE) Um Drone Phanton 4 de massa 1300 g desloca-se horizontalmente, ou seja, sem variação de altitude, com velocidade constante de 36,0 km/h com o objetivo de fotografar o terraço da cobertura de um edifício de 50,0 m de altura. Para obter os resultados esperados o sobrevoo ocorre a 10,0 m acima do terraço da cobertura. A razão entre a energia potencial gravitacional do Drone, considerado como um ponto material, em relação ao solo e em relação ao terraço da cobertura é

Em 1990, foi criado o ECA (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente); um conjunto de leis que garante os direitos fundamentais das crianças e dos adolescentes, assim como:

• Ser criado e educado por uma família;
• Receber educação;
• Ser preparado para o trabalho;
• Igualdade; 

Explique: o que significa o direito de “   igualdade”?