(UERJ) Nicho ecológico é o conjunto de recursos e condições em que um indivíduo ou população vive e se reproduz. Todo nicho apresenta uma faixa de tolerância aos fatores ecológicos dentro da qu al a existência da espécie é possível. Alterações nessa faixa podem ocorrer quando duas espécies diferentes exploram nichos ecológicos semelhantes. Os gráficos abaixo exemplifi cam uma dessas alterações em determinada população

A relação ecológica interespecífica capaz de provocar o estreitamento do nicho preferencial apresentado nos gráficos é denominada:

(CESGRANRIO) Apesar de suas utilidades como agente bacteriostático, o cobre pode ser tóxico, quando em excesso. Na Doença de Wilson, há um defeito no metabolismo desse elemento, fazendo com que se acumule em determinados tecidos. São vários os sintomas dessa doença, entre eles, problemas neurológicos e hepáticos, sendo estes últimos tão graves que podem requerer um transplante de fígado. A Doença de Wilson é caracterizada por mutações no gene ATP7B. No esquema a seguir, encontra-se a representação da hereditariedade da doença.

Os indivíduos representados em cinza possuem o gene, porém não manifestam a doença, enquanto que o branco apresenta a Doença de Wilson. O indivíduo preto não possui o gene mutado.

Trata-se, portanto, de uma herança do tipo

Para responder à questão a seguir, leia a tirinha abaixo.

A palavra “lucidez”, diferentemente do vocábulo “freguês”, grafa-se com “z”. Mantendo-se o padrão ortográfico do português, marque a opção cujas letras indicadas preenchem adequadamente as lacunas das seguintes palavras, na ordem em que elas aparecem: nature_a – firme_a – cateque_e – duque_a – ec_ema – ali_ar.

A questão refere-se ao texto a seguir:

Taking Measure With Hardware and Software

The researchers who founded National Instruments Corp switched from building their own equipment to beefing up other people’s.

“You could start a company.” That offhand comment by Jim Truchard got Jeff Kodosky and Bill Nowlin thinking. Within days, Truchard and his two employees at the Applied Research Laboratories (ARL) at the University of Texas at Austin (UT) decided to give it a go. That was in February 1976. By May, the trio had incorporated. Today, National Instruments Corp has annual Sales topping $425 million, employs more than 3100 people, sells some 1500 hardware and software products, and, for five years running, has been rated by Fortune magazine as one of the 100 best companies to work for.

  At ARL, Truchard headed an underwater acoustic measurements lab. “I had about two dozen different projects, all the way from basic acoustics to pragmatic testing of military sonar beam formers,” he says. Truchard went into science because of Sputnik. “I was right on the cusp of that movement. We were all taking Russian and physics,” he says. He earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in physics and did his PhD — on a nonlinear parametric acoustic receiving array — in electrical engineering, all at UT. Kodosky and Nowlin both worked part-time for Truchard while enrolled at UT. Nowlin earned a master’s in electrical engineering and Kodosky, who has a bachelor’s in physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, worked toward a PhD; he drifted between theoretical high-energy physics and computer science but did not complete the degree. (…)

Physics intuition

Both Kodosky and Truchard point to their physics training as playing a role in their success with National Instruments. Says Truchard, “Acoustical measurements are fairly tricky, and it happens to be a smaller area where you didn’t have off-the-shelf equipment. You had to build equipment. That background, and the measurements themselves, created a basis.” What’s more, he adds, “the physics background helps create good intuition. I think having solved differential equations and learned about gradients, you know how things are going to work out. I’ve always felt it helped me develop intuition about business.”

  In leaving academic research, says Kodosky, “we took a giant step back from what we were working on. ARL was cutting edge. Now it was customers who were doing the interesting experiments.” Still, he and Truchard say they have more impact on science by supplying tools than they would have had as researchers. “We can have a nonlinear effect on the productivity of the science and engineering community. There is plenty of anecdotal evidence that our virtual instrumentation can make people 5 to 10 times as productive,” Kodosky says. “I personally would find it frustrating [to do research] because it’s slow, but dropping by a customer’s site every couple of years is fun. We live vicariously through them.”

Toni Feder

Physics Today, July 2004

Considere as seguintes afirmações:

I. Truchard estudou Física na Rússia e tem doutorado em Engenharia Elétrica.

II. Nowlin é mestre em Engenharia Elétrica.

III. Kodosky não concluiu o doutorado.

Está(ão) correta(s) 

(ENEM 2017 2ª APLICAÇÃO) Projeção cartográfica é uma transformação que faz corresponder, a cada ponto da superfície terrestre, um ponto no plano.

 GASPAR, J. A. Cartas e projeçõe. Lisboa: Lidel, 2005.

As relações do  plano de  projeção à superfície projetada mostradas nas figuras são identificadas,respectivamente em: