(MACKENZIE) Muitos aparelhos elétricos são acionados por controle remoto. O manual do usuário desses aparelhos informa que para mantê-lo em estado de prontidão (stand-by), isto é, acioná-lo por controle remoto, é necessária uma potência de 20 W. A energia consumida por esse aparelho em um dia é, aproximadamente,

 We are now a nation obsessed with the cult of celebrity. Celebrities have replaced the classic notion of the hero. But instead of being respected for talent, courage or intelligence, it is Money, style and image the deciding factors in what commands respect. Image is everything. Their image is painstakingly constructed by a multitude of diferente image consultants to carve out the most profitable celebrity they can. Then society is right behind them, believing in everything that celebrity believes in. Companies know that people will buy a product if a celebrity has it too. It is as if the person buying the product feels that They now have some kind of connection with the celebrity and that some of their perceived happiness will now be passed onto the consumer. So to look at it one way, the cult of celebrity is really nothing more than a sophisticated marketing scheme. Celebrities though cannot be blamed for alll negative aspects of society. In reality society is to blame. We are the people who seemed to have lost the ability to think for ourselves. I suppose it’s easier to be told what to think, rather than callenging what we are told. The reason we are swamped by celebrity is because there is a demand for it.

Disponível em: www.pitlanemagazine.com

Acesso em: 7 dez. 2017 (adaptado)

O texto, que aborda questões referentes ao tema de culto à celebridade, tem o objetivo de

É provocado principalmente pela ação da água, que nunca é pura, pois nela sempre estão dissolvidas certas quantidades de oxigênio, gás carbônico e substâncias orgânicas provenientes tanto do ar como da respiração de organismos. Sua intensidade de ação é diretamente proporcional ao conteúdo dessas substâncias dissolvidas e à sua temperatura. Assim, quanto mais úmido for o clima e quanto mais gás carbônico houver, mais intensa e rápida será a decomposição dos minerais, que, posteriormente, formarão os solos. 

LEPSCH, Igo Fernando. Formação e conservação dos solos. 2. ed. São Paulo: Oficina de Textos, 2010 (adaptado)

O processo natural descrito no texto pode ser definido como

(ESPM) Emerging economies 

The Great Deceleration

The emerging-market slowdown is not the beginning of a bust. But it is a turning-point for the world economy

WHEN a champion sprinter falls short of his best speeds, it takes a while to determine whether he is temporarily on poor form or has permanently lost his edge. The same is true with emerging markets, the world economy’s 21st-century sprinters. After a decade of surging growth, in which they led a global boom and then helped pull the world economy forwards in the face of the financial crisis, the emerging giants have slowed sharply.

China will be lucky if it manages to hit its official target of 7.5% growth in 2013, a far cry from the double-digit rates that the country had come to expect in the 2000s. Growth in India (around 5%), Brazil and Russia (around 2.5%) is barely half what it was at the height of the boom. Collectively, emerging markets may (just) match last year’s pace of 5%. That sounds fast compared with the sluggish rich world, but it is the slowest emerging-economy expansion in a decade, barring 2009 when the rich world slumped.

This marks the end of the dramatic first phase of the emerging-market era, which saw such economies jump from 38% of world output to 50% (measured at purchasing-power parity, or PPP) over the past decade. Over the next ten years emerging economies will still rise, but more gradually. The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable. But the longer-term impact on the world economy will be profound.

 Running out of puff

 In the past, periods of emerging-market boom have tended to be followed by busts (which helps explain why so few poor countries have become rich ones). A determined pessimist can find reasons to fret today, pointing in particular to the risks of an even more drastic deceleration in China or of a sudden global monetary tightening. But this time a broad emerging-market bust looks unlikely.

China is in the midst of a precarious shift from investment-led growth to a more balanced, consumption-based model. Its investment surge has prompted plenty of bad debt. But the central government has the fiscal strength both to absorb losses and to stimulate the economy if necessary. That is a luxury few emerging economies have ever had. It makes disaster much less likely. And with rich-world economies still feeble, there is little chance that monetary conditions will suddenly tighten. Even if they did, most emerging economies have better defences than ever before, with flexible exchange rates, large stashes of foreign-exchange reserves and relatively less debt (much of it in domestic currency).

That’s the good news. The bad news is that the days of record-breaking speed are over. China’s turbocharged investment and export model has run out of puff. Because its population is ageing fast, the country will have fewer workers, and because it is more prosperous, it has less room for catch-up growth. Ten years ago China’s per person GDP measured at PPP was 8% of America’s; now it is 18%. China will keep on catching up, but at a slower clip.

That will hold back other emerging giants. Russia’s burst of speed was propelled by a surge in energy prices driven by Chinese growth. Brazil sprinted ahead with the help of a boom in commodities and domestic credit; its current combination of stubborn inflation and slow growth shows that its underlying economic speed limit is a lot lower than most people thought. The same is true of India, where near-double-digit annual rises in GDP led politicians, and many investors, to confuse the potential for rapid catch-up (a young, poor population) with its inevitability. India’s growth rate could be pushed up again, but not without radical reforms—and almost certainly not to the peak pace of the 2000s.

Jul 27th 2013/www.economist.com

The pronoun they in the underlined sentence of the fifth paragraph of the text: “Even if they did, …” refers to  

(UEMG) Observe a tirinha abaixo:

Passando por uma sorveteria, Magali resolve parar e pedir uma casquinha. Na sorveteria, há 6 sabores diferentes de sorvete e 3 é o número máximo de bolas por casquinha, sendo sempre uma de cada sabor.

O número de formas diferentes com que Magali poderá pedir essa casquinha é igual a: