(UECE) Após a expulsão árabe da Península Ibérica, restaram reinos independentes: Castela, Aragão, Leão, Navarra e Galícia. Na Península, esses reinos eram conhecidos como reinos 

A expressão  é equivalente a:

Tribus urbanas de Medellín buscan convivencia en el Parque de los Deseos

'Metrojuventud, viene adelantando gestiones para que los jóvenes compartan el espacio sin agredirse y para que no se presenten disputas', señaló Jorge Ceballos, subsecretario de Orden Civil.

La moda y las expresiones culturales de los jóvenes son cada vez más difíciles de describir con una sola palabra. Antes era posible definirlos como emos, flogguers, punks, metaleros, tectónicos, etc. Ahora son un híbrido, una mezcla entre todos y lo definible deja de serlo cuando una nueva tendencia llega a la ciudad.

El que parece emo dice que no lo es y el que parece metalero prefiere el hard core, mientras otros montan en skate pero les gusta el punk o el hip-hop.

Una de las principales manifestaciones que determina la caracterización de los adolescentes es la música. Por ejemplo, la que está entrando ahora es el tecno, y aunque el término viene de los 80, se habla de un sonido electrónico actual que se puede bailar y es distinto a la tectónica, que estuvo de moda hasta hace poco.

Uno de los principales territorios donde se manifiestan estas expresiones es el Parque de Los Deseos, en el norte de la ciudad. Allí está Roxana N., conocida entre sus amigos como 'Gotita Mosh'. Tiene 15 años, su cabello es rubio y fucsia, usa ropa colorida.

"Lo que a mí me gusta me lo pongo y no me importa si me dicen emo o tectónica. Me gusta el rock, pop y punk. También me gustan los toques de tecno, pues me encuentro a muchos amigos y es bacano para escuchar y bailar. Es muy diferente a la tectónica, eso ya pasó de moda", explica.

En el Parque de los Deseos las expresiones de afecto, diversas y espontáneas, se mezclan con las manifestaciones culturales. Y aunque desde fuera pretendamos encasillar o etiquetar al otro, este Parque poco a poco se convierte en un territorio para que quien desee expresarse lo haga libremente.

Sin embargo, tal confluencia de subculturas ha generado algunos problemas de convivencia.

"Hace tiempo hubo una pelea en el Parque. Un grupo de muchachos apuñaló a una joven amiga de otro grupo. Desde ahí se mantienen los enfrentamientos", explica Leiden, un joven de una de las 'barras'.

Al respecto la Alcaldía de Medellín aclaró que viene trabajando para que hechos de ese tipo no se repitan en este lugar, que sin duda es el favorito de muchos jóvenes de la ciudad.

http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/antioquia/tribus-urbanas-buscan-convivencia-en-el-parque-de-los-deseos_7769220-1 (fragmento)

La diferencia para los jóvenes entre el tecno y la tectónica está en

(UEPA) A caxumba é uma doença viral que acomete as glândulas salivares parótidas, mas, em alguns homens, a infecção alcança os testículos e epidídimo, promovendo distúrbios na função destas estruturas, podendo resultar na esterilidade. Os elementos em destaque no enunciado são responsáveis, respectivamente, pelas seguintes funções:

Read the text below, from Scientific American (SA), and choose the best option for the questions.

INTERVIEW WITH PAUL NURSE*

This biologist has followed his interests from "fur and feather" to cell cycles and cancer control

Paul Nurse is one of Britain's most distinguished scientists today. ¹His groundbreaking work on the cell cycle in the 1970s and '80s revealed how cells make the decisions to grow and divide, thus laying the foundation for a MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF CANCER. ²This has earned him numerous honors, including the LASKER BASIC MEDICAL RESEARCH AWARD in 1998, and many regard him a prime candidate for the NOBEL PRIZE. Since 1996, Sir Paul, who WAS KNIGHTED last year, has also been director-general of the largest cancer research organization in the U.K., the IMPERIAL CANCER RESEARCH FUND (ICRF).

(was knighted = foi condecorado como cavaleiro)

SA: When did you decide to become a scientist? Was that quite early, or only at university?

PN: Well, I think actually already as a schoolchild. I remember seeing Sputnik 2 when I was in London. As a young child, eight or nine years old, I read about it in the newspaper and went out in our garden and saw Sputnik 2 fly over, I think in 1957 or 1958, and this was truly amazing. And then when I was a little older I became interested in natural history, and I watched birds, and I collected beetles, and was interested in plants and so on. So my main entrée into biology was through natural history. I think that is quite common.

SA: Was it always clear you wanted to become a biologist, not a physicist or an astronomer?

PN: Yes, but originally I was more interested in natural history and ecology, and then I found it so difficult, because the laboratory of this field [pointing to the grass] is too uncontrolled. So as I grew older, as an undergraduate and then as a postgraduate, I really wanted to work more on molecular and cellular things, because you could do controlled experiments so much better.

SA: Who do you consider your most important teacher?

PN: I had a very good teacher of biology at school, who I recently met again actually, a man called Keith Neal. Then I think a very important person was my postdoctoral advisor, when I was in the University of Edinburgh, Professor Murdoch Mitchison, who gave me great freedom as a young investigator and allowed me to work in my own way. I owe him great debt for that. He encouraged me, he spoke to me, but he really made no attempt to control me, a very good situation.

SA: You are mostly famous for your work on the CELL CYCLE, the cell machinery that controls cell division in eukaryotes. Could you explain what your most important discovery was?

PN: I think the most interesting discovery that I made was to identify components of what is now sometimes called the cell cycle engine. All humans are made up of billions of cells, and they grow and divide. The process that brings about the reproduction of cells is called the cell cycle. I have been interested for many years in what controls progression through that cell cycle, what regulates the cell division process.

SA: You have two daughters, is either one planning to be a scientist?

PN: I have two daughters, that is true. One of them is, at the moment, a sports journalist at our local television station in Oxford, and the other is in her final year at Manchester University doing theoretical physics. So I have one who is a scientist and one who isn't.

SA: Did you ever encourage them to become scientists?

PN: No, but I would be quite pleased if one of them did. But I think they should make up their own minds.

SA: I also know you are a pilot. Do you think flying an airplane and heading a research institute have anything in common, or is it very different?

PN: It's very different, and I think that's why I am attracted to it. I am a glider pilot, mainly, and I fly gliders when I can at the weekend. It's really to do something totally different, having to concentrate on totally different sorts of things, like keeping this airplane up, and going in the right direction, and finding the up currents. It's a major relaxation because it is so different from what I do normally.

SA: Do you think you will always work on the cell cycle?

PN: I am still working on the cell cycle, but I also have a new area, which is related to the cell cycle, which is cell morphogenesis, or how a cell obtains its form, its shape. I think this is another very fundamental biological problem, like the cell cycle, which I find very interesting. It has some relevance to cancer also, because when cancer cells metastasize and spread through the body, they have to undergo a variety of cell shape changes to be able to escape from their tissue and to get into other places. But the basic mechanisms that control cell shape are simply not understood.

SA: Have you had any personal experience with cancer in your family or among friends, and did that change your view of cancer research?

PN: Because I am director-general of ICRF, it actually means that I meet now many people that have been affected by cancer. So although in my own family I have not, one of my friends certainly has. He survived, but that was really a tough time, and it was quite an experience for me.

It makes me realize that cancer isn't simply an academic problem, that it is a problem that obviously influences in very important ways people's lives, and I think that changes the way you view the research that goes on in an institute.

SA: Do you think we will see a cure for cancer like our grandparents saw a cure for infectious diseases?

PN: I don't, actually. Cancer, first of all, is many different diseases, many different sites and forms; some people say it is as many as 200 different diseases. There are many different genes that can become defective to give rise to cancer, and they all have different characteristics. So I think the likelihood of having a common treatment for all of these is just not likely. There will be some treatments that will be useful across the board, but I think it would be a mistake to look for "the cure" to cancer. But what I think we can expect to see is steady improvement by applying this new knowledge to treating and preventing the disease.

*Paul Nurse was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize for Medicine.

Scientific American: Interviews: Paul Nurse: June 26, 2000 

"False friends" are words in a foreign language which are similar in form to words in our mother tongue, but which do not have the same meaning. Which pair of words below (taken from the text) contains ONLY false friends?