Mendel cruzou plantas puras de ervilha com flores vermelhas e plantas puras com flores brancas, e observou que todos os descendentes tinham flores vermelhas. Nesse caso, Mendel chamou a cor vermelha de dominante e a cor branca de recessiva. A explicação oferecida por ele para esses resultados era a de que as plantas de flores vermelhas da geração inicial (P) possuíam dois fatores dominantes iguais para essa característica (VV), e as plantas de flores brancas possuíam dois fatores recessivos iguais (vv). Todos os descendentes desse cruzamento, a primeira geração de filhos (F1), tinham um fator de cada progenitor e eram Vv, combinação que assegura a cor vermelha nas flores.

Tomando-se um grupo de plantas cujas flores são vermelhas, como distinguir aquelas que são VV das que são Vv?

(UCS) Alelos são pares de genes responsáveis pela expressão de determinadas características num organismo. Em cobaias de laboratório, foram identificados alelos que controlam a coloração do pelo, seguindo o padrão abaixo.

Cobaia1: AA – coloração cinza

Cobaia2: Aa – coloração cinza

Cobaia3: aa – coloração branca

A partir desse padrão, analise as afirmações abaixo.

— Considerando um cruzamento das cobaias 1 x 2 a chance de obtenção de um indivíduo cinza é de__________.

— Considerando um cruzamento das cobaias 2 x 3 a chance de obtenção de um indivíduo branco é de __________.

— A coloração branca só aparece em indivíduos __________.

Assinale a alternativa que completa, correta e respectivamente, as lacunas acima.

(PUC-RIO) India’s Leading Export: CEOs

²What on earth did the Banga brothers’ mother feed them for breakfast? ³Whatever it was, it worked: Vindi Banga grew up to become a top executive at the food and personal-care giant Unilever, then a partner at the private-equity firm Clayton, Dubilier & Rice. His younger brother Ajay, ⁴after heading Citigroup’s Asian operations, was last year named CEO of MasterCard – all without a degree from a Western business school and without abandoning his Sikh turban. When Ajay took over at the credit-card company’s suburban – New York City headquarters, the Times of India crowed that he was the first “entirely India-minted executive” at a multinational’s helm.

The brothers laugh when asked for their mother’s breakfast menu, deflecting suggestions that they were raised by a Bengal-tiger mom. Instead, they cite an itinerant childhood as a key ingredient in their success. The sons of a lieutenant general in the Indian army, they moved to a new posting every couple of years – ⁵perfect training, it turns out, for global executives facing new markets and uncertain conditions. “You had to adapt to new friends, new places,” recalls Vindi. ¹“You had to create your ecosystem wherever you went.”

What factors account for the rise and rise of India-trained business minds? “Our colleagues in our Asian offices are asking the same question,” laughs Jill Ader, head of CEO succession at the executivesearch firm Egon Zehnder International. ⁷“Their clients in China and Southeast Asia are saying, ‘How come it’s the Indians getting all the top jobs?’” It could be because today’s generation of Indian managers grew up in a country that provided them with the experience so critical for today’s global boss. ⁶Multiculturalism? Check. Complex competitive environment? Check. Resource-constrained developing economy? You got that right. ⁸And they grew up speaking English, the global business language.

For multinationals, it makes good sense to have leaders experienced in working with expanding Asian markets. ⁹And India is already the location of many of their operations. “India and China are also the countries of future profits for the multinationals, so they may want their global leaders to come out of them”, says Anshuman Das, a co-founder of CareerNet, a Bangalore executive-search company.

Competitive and complex, India has evolved from a poorly run, centrally controlled economy into the perfect petri dish in which to grow a 21^st century CEO. “The Indians are the friendly and familiar faces of Asia,” says Ader. “They think in English, they’re used to multinationals in their country, they’re very adaptive, and they’re supremely confident.” The subcontinent has been global for centuries, having endured, and absorbed, waves of foreign colonizers, from the Mughals to the British. Practiced traders and migrants, Indians have impressive transnational networks. “The earth is full of Indians,” wrote Salman Rushdie. “We get everywhere.” Unlike, say, a Swede or a German, an Indian executive is raised in a multiethnic, multifaith, multilingual society, one nearly as diverse as the modern global marketplace.

¹⁰Unlike Americans, they’re well versed in negotiating India’s byzantine bureaucracy, a key skill to have in emerging markets. And unlike the Chinese, they can handle the messiness of a litigious democracy. “In China, you want something done, you talk to a bureaucrat and a politician – it gets done,” observes Ajay. “In India, if you talk to a bureaucrat or a politician, there are going to be 600 other people with their own points of view.” There’s an old saw about Asian business cultures: “The Chinese roll out the red carpet; Indians roll out the red tape.”

Maybe that’s why Indian managers are good at managing it. ¹²They have cut their teeth in a country ranked 134^th by the World Bank for ease of doing business. To be fair, it’s also the reason some of them left home.

India’s economic liberalization, which began in 1991, was another blessing for this generation of executives. ¹¹It gave them exposure to a young and fast-growing consumer market. “Liberalization unleashed a level of competition that makes you stand on your toes,” recalls Vindi. “We had to learn to compete with international players but also with very good, extremely fast local ones.” In 1987, the company’s leading detergent, Surf, faced off against Nirma, a locally produced brand. “It didn’t cost 5% less, or 10% less,” says Vindi, shaking his head. “It cost a third of our product. We had to make a product that was better, for the same price.” Within 12 months, they had.

By Carla Power

Adapted from Time Magazine – August 01, 2011. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2084441,00.html. Retrieved on August 5, 2011. 

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 (PUC-RIO)

A superfície da Terra tem morfologias muito distintas, de acordo com o posicionamento continental ou oceânico da litosfera. A partir da morfologia do assoalho marinho, assinale a opção que apresenta a única sequência correta (I / II / III / IV / V / VI).

Com o objetivo de melhorar a sua arrecadação no recolhimento do Imposto sobre a Propriedade de Veículos Automotores (IPVA), um estado inovou na forma de cobrança. Eram oferecidos dois planos, A e B. Pelo plano A o proprietário do veículo pagará R$ 100,00, mais 5% do valor atual do veículo; no plano B, o proprietário pagará R$ 1.000,00, mais 2% do valor atual do veículo. Concluímos então que