Leia o texto a seguir.

Os gregos antigos tinham uma ideia muito diferente de democracia. Em primeiro lugar, quase não havia eleição. Isso só ocorria excepcionalmente, como na escolha de um comandante militar. Logicamente, o funcionamento da cidade dependia do preenchimento de vários cargos [...], mas a regra era o sorteio: os gregos acreditavam que, sendo todos os cidadãos aptos à participação política, todos podiam e deviam ocupar as magistraturas. [...] Em Atenas, como nas demais cidades democráticas, não havia propriamente um Estado composto por governantes e funcionários. Cada decisão importante era tomada pelo conjunto de cidadãos que participava da Assembléia (ecclesia) [...]. Nesse espaço aberto, os atenienses discutiam seus problemas coletivos e decidiam como administrar a polis: em que aplicar o dinheiro, com quem guerrear ou fazer alianças, quais obras construir etc.

REDE, Marcelo. A Grécia Antiga. São Paulo: Saraiva, 1999. (Que história é essa?). p. 25-6.(Fragmento)

Ao analisar características da democracia grega, o texto evidencia que ela

(AFA) TEXTO:THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND TYPES OF FRIENDSHIP

Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe even more. There are also those people who are just friends and also arch-enemies. People may think that just because they are your friends it means that they are your best friend. The thing is, even though they are your friend, the relationship between a best friend and a friend is different. Either way regardless of archenemies, friends or best friends, there are not many ways to compare any of these different types of friends, but you can easily contrast them from one another.

Arch-enemies often know more about each other than two friends. In a comparison of personal relationships, ¹friendship is considered to be closer than association, although a wide range of degrees of intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as spanning across the same continuum. ²The study of friendship is included in the fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Even animals have familiars! Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. ³In Russia, one typically bestows very few people the status of “friend”.

These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone, and to use diminutives. A customary example of polite behavior is addressing "acquaintances" by full first name plus their patronymic. These could include relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as workplace relationships of long standing, or neighbors with whom one shares an occasional meal or a social drink with.

Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend to be reserved and respectable in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names. In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or superiority. Friends are people who are equal in most standards, but still respect each other regardless of their attributes or shortcomings. Most of the countries previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and even the Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a decline in genuine friendships.

According to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the Journal American Sociological Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships since at least 1985. The study’s results state that twenty-five percent of ⁴Americans have no close confidants, and the average total number of confidants per citizen has dropped from four to two. According to the study, ⁵Americans' dependence on family as a safety net went up from fifty-seven percent to eighty percent; Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went up from five percent to nine percent.

Recent studies have found a link between fewer friendships, especially in quality, and psychological and physiological regression. In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships experienced later in life.

⁶Unfortunately, making friends seems to trouble many of people. Having no friends can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from young children to full grown adults. A study performed by researchers from Purdue University found that post-secondary-education friendships, college and university last longer than the friendships before it. Children with Asperger syndrome and autism usually have some difficulty forming friendships. ⁷Socially crippling conditions like these are just one way that the social world is so difficult to thrive in. ⁸This does not mean that they are not able to form friendships, however. With time, moderation and proper instruction, they are able to form friendships after realizing their own strengths and weaknesses.

⁹There is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link, including that; Good friends encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; ¹⁰Good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access services, when needed; ¹¹Good friends enhance their friend’s ¹²coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems; and/or Good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are protective of health. Regardless of what we think, we can clearly see that there are some ways that friends, best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the end they are clearly more different. ¹³Nonetheless we all have every single type in our lives.

(Adapted from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelationship- between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-philosophyessay. php)

“Nonetheless we all have every single type in our lives” (reference 13). The option that contains a synonym for the underlined expression is :

  Pablo Auladell presenta Potemkin, el primer cómic

que publica tras ganar el Premio Nacional con El paraíso

perdido,adaptación del poema de John Milton, que le

funcionó, y sigue funcionando, muy bien. Con este se

[5] pretende aprovechar el doble tirón de un autor reconocido

como él con el aniversario de Sergei Eisenstein, director de

la película rusa El acorazado Potemkin. Y se ríe cuando

piensa que se le pueda considerar un autor comercial.

“Realmente en el mercado estamos todos, pero si te

[10] refieres a un autor que mira el producto antes de hacerlo la

respuesta es no. Pero los demás, quizás sí. Debe ser el

único tironcillo que ha tenido el Premio Nacional,

confiando que podía hacer un buen trabajo y llamaría la

atención”.

[15]     Sus palabras no provienen de la modestia,

puntualiza, sino de la humildad. “Esta profesión te pone en

tu sitio rápidamente. Pese a todo este deslumbre, sigue

siendo un medio muy particular, raquítico en muchas

cuestiones”.

[20]     Proyectos como estos dos últimos que ha

desarrollado se dirigen hacia un mercado global que

reconoce los iconos que ha adaptado, “ahora la mentalidad

tiene que ser así porque las redes sociales lo mueven sin

fronteras”. Y estas le proporcionan el ejemplo más

[25] cercano. El paraíso perdido,cuyos derechos compró este

mismo año una editorial de Brasil ha conseguido que “casi

la mitad de mis seguidores en cosas como mi Instagram

¡son brasileños!”.

    Por eso insiste en que reconocimientos como “el

[30] Premio Nacional ha llamado más la atención fuera del

mundo del cómic que dentro”. Y con ello se refiere al

público habitual de salones como el de Barcelona, que

visten las camisetas con logotipos de superhéroes, “si

preguntas quiénes son los que han recibido el premio

[35] nacional o si los han leído, seguramente, dirán que no, que

tienen una percepción de cosas intelectualoides”. Eso lo ve

Como prueba de que el mundo del cómic es muy particular:

toda la vida luchando para que fuéramos arte y se establece

un premio y mi percepción es que al aficionado

[40] Ensimismado del cómic eso no le interesa.

    La adaptación de una película como El acorazado

Potemkin le permitía mayor libertad que con la obra de

Milton. "Esa era una visión personal, de autor. Esta não, Earthshaker

un homenaje". Y por eso explica que insistió en que

[45] Apareciera en portada la palabra homenaje. "Aunque

parezca que en El paraíso perdidotenía más libertad, la

libertad es peligrosa. Las restricciones te ayudan a jugar

con menos cartas pero tienes que jugarlas bien.

Internet: www.elmundo.es (con adaptaciones).

Con respecto a las ideas y estructuras del texto anterior, juzgar lo ítem.

Las últimas obras del autor en cuestión se dirigen al público brasileño, consiguiendo, con ello, un elevado número de seguidores en algunas de sus redes sociales.

Dadas as funções f(x) = 2x - 1 e g(x) = x² + 3x = c, o maior valor inteiro de c tal que a equação g(f(x)) = 0 apresente raízes reais é

    O gráfico a seguir mostra a relação do número de células viáveis não degeneradas em cada etapa da gametogênese. Em I, temos a ovogônia e a espermatogônia; em II, temos os ovócitos e espermatócitos primários; em III, temos os ovócitos e espermatócitos secundários; e em IV, o óvulo e o espermatozoide.

As diferenças observadas no número de células viáveis ao longo do desenvolvimento dos gametas masculino e feminino indicam que