Um professor pediu que 4 alunos realizassem uma experiência sobre a analise de interações intermoleculares presentes nos sistemas. Sabe-se que as substâncias são: água, álcool, éter e cetona. Cada aluno molhou o quadro com a substância que recebeu. Depois de algum tempo, concluíram que se fosse usado um frasco com manômetro em cada uma das substâncias, a pressão maior seria do(a) 

Segundo o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), o rendimento médio mensal dos trabalhadores brasileiros, no ano 2000, era de R$ 1.250,00. Já o Censo 2010 mostrou que, em 2010, esse valor teve um aumento de 7,2% em relação a 2000. Esse mesmo instituto projeta que, em 2020, o rendimento médio mensal dos trabalhadores brasileiros poderá ser 10% maior do que foi em 2010.

IBGE. Censo 2010. Disponível em: www.ibge.gov.br.Acesso em: 13 ago. 2012 (adaptado).

Supondo que as projeções do IBGE se realizem, o rendimento médio mensal dos brasileiros em 2020 será de 

(PUC-RJ) Considerando a ideologia do partido Nacional-Socialista na Alemanha nos anos 1930 e 1940, examine as afirmativas:

I. Um dos pilares da ideologia nacional-socialista era seu apelo ao anticomunismo e a rejeição ao projeto político que estava em curso na União Soviética.

II. O nacional-socialismo alemão conseguiu ter sucesso econômico rápido devido a medidas direcionadas para o livre comércio e para a liberdade cambial. Com isso houve a estabilização da moeda após a crise da hiperinflação e um período de crescimento acelerado da economia.

III. O partido Nacional-Socialista foi vitorioso nas eleições de 1932, o que demonstrou a seus líderes que a democracia – mesmo com falhas – era o melhor sistema político para realizar seus projetos.

IV. O ideário do nacional-socialismo sempre deixou clara a ideia de “pureza racial”. Com isso, desde os primeiros anos de governo, foram emitidas diversas leis contra judeus, homossexuais e ciganos, consideradas – entre outras – como populações “impuras”.

Assinale:

 De acordo com os números divulgados pela Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (Anatel), já há no país 91 celulares em cada grupo de 100 pessoas. Entre as várias operadoras existentes, uma propõe o seguinte plano aos seus clientes: R$ 25,00 mensais para até 40 minutos de conversação mensal e R$ 1,00 por minuto que exceda o tempo estipulado.

Disponível em: http://www.economia.ig.com.br. 
Acesso em: 28 abr. 2010 (adaptado).

Qual dos gráficos a seguir corresponde aos possíveis gastos mensais (y), em reais, de um cliente dessa operadora de celular, em função do tempo (x) utilizado, em minutos?

(PUC-RIO) Driverless automobiles - The car that parks itself

CARS that need no driver are just around the corner according to researchers who have been testing vehicles bristling with aerials and cameras on public roads in America. However, researchers do not make cars, so it will be up to firms that do to bring the technology to market. And carmakers are a conservative bunch. Still, slowly and steadily the autonomous car will arrive, with the help of an increasing number of automated driving aids. A Swedish carmaker has recently demonstrated one such feature: a car that really does park itself.

Some cars already have systems that assist with parking, but these are not completely autonomous. They can identify an empty parallel-parking space and steer into it while the driver uses the brake. The Swedish system, however, lets the driver get out and use a smartphone application to instruct the vehicle to park. The car then ¹trundles off, manoeuvres into a parking place and sends a message to the driver to inform him where it is. The driver can collect the car in person or use his phone to call it back to where he dropped it off. Autonomous parking could thus be provided at places like shopping centers and airports, which are controlled areas in which automated vehicles can be managed more easily than on open highways.  In the past, designs for doing this have relied on car parks being fitted with buried guide wires that a vehicle can follow to an empty bay. That, though, creates ²a chicken-and-egg problem: car-park operators will not invest in such infrastructure until there is a sufficient number of suitably equipped cars on the road. Drivers, conversely, will not want to buy self-parking cars if there is nowhere to use them.

This means, as a safety engineer working on the project observes, that for autonomous parking to work most of the technology will have to be in the car itself. The test car, which looks like a normal car, therefore uses on-board GPS mapping, cameras with image-recognition software, and radar sensors to find its own way around a car park and avoid pedestrians and non-autonomous vehicles. The same engineer says the system is five to ten years from commercial deployment. If it proves a success then infrastructure might adapt to it, for instance by packing cars into tighter spaces. If there is no one in them there is no need to make room for their doors to open.

Driverless cars would also need to communicate with one another, to enhance safety. That, too, is coming. ³A number of carmakers are developing wireless networking systems through which vehicles can exchange data, such as their speed, their steering angle and even their weight, to forewarn anti-collision systems and safety devices if an accident looks likely.

In the USA, for example, a carmaker recently tested a brake light that can provide an early warning to other motorists. If the brakes are applied hard in an emergency, a signal is broadcast. This illuminates a warning light in the dashboard of suitably equipped following vehicles, even if they are out of sight around a bend or not immediately behind the vehicle doing the braking.

The American company has been testing this system as part of a collaborative research project with several European carmakers. ⁴They have put a fleet of 150 experimental vehicles on the roads. When they tested a group of these, the Americans found the technology let drivers brake much earlier, helping avoid collisions. A driverless car would be able to react even faster.

Another member of the research group has been testing driverless cars on roads around Munich— including belting down some of Germany’s high-speed autobahns. ⁵The ordinary-looking models use a variety of self-contained guidance systems. These include cameras mounted on the upper windscreen, which can identify road markings, signs and various obstacles likely to be encountered on roads.

The German cars also use a radar, to gauge how far the vehicle is from other cars and potential obstacles, and a lidar, which works like a radar but at optical frequencies. The lidar employs laser beams to scan the road ahead and builds up from the reflections a three-dimensional image of what this looks like. The image is processed by a computer in the vehicle, which also collects and compares data from a high-accuracy GPS unit. A series of ultrasonic sonars similar to those used in vehicles to provide parking assistance are placed around the car to add to the virtual picture. And just to make sure, a set of accelerometers provide an inertial navigation system that double-checks the vehicle’s position on the road.

⁶Although these cars can be switched to an autonomous driving mode, they are still required to have someone in the driving seat who can take over in the event of any difficulty. Some cars can steer themselves, slow down, brake and accelerate, even changing lanes to overtake slower vehicles.From the print edition: Science and Technology Jun 29^th 2013 

The author uses the phrasal verb “trundles off” (ref. 1) that could be replaced by: