Which skin colour are you? The human swatch chart that confronts racism

In 1933, in a book called The Masters and the Slaves, the Brazilian anthropologist Gilberto Freyre wrote: “Every Brazilian, even the light-skinned, fair-haired one, carries about him on his soul, when not on soul and body alike, the shadow, or at least the birthmark, of the aborigine or the negro.” This was forefront in the mind of the French artist Pierre David when he moved to Brazil in 2009. “When I was in the streets, I could see so many skin colours”, he says. He decided to make a human colour chart, like one you would find in the paint section of B&Q shop, but showing the gradations and shades of our skin colour. The project, called Nuancier or “swatches”, was first shown at the Museu de Arte Moderna in Salvador – Bahia, and is now on show in his native France. “Brazil has a better attitude to skin colour than other developed nations”, he says. “There's no doubt, because the concept of skin colour difference was recognised very early in their history. Now, it even appears on identity documents.”

Yet Nuancier, David says, is still a critique of racism, in Brazil and around the world. “This work may seem provocative – to classify men by colour, to industrially produce the colour of an individual so it can be store-bought. But this is a demonstration of the commodification of bodies. It denounces racism anywhere it is found in the world.”

SEYMOUR, T. Disponível em: www.theguardian.com. Acesso em: 21 out. 2015 (adaptado).

O artista francês Pierre David, ao evidenciar seu encantamento com a diversidade de cores de peles no Brasil, no projeto Nuancier, também:

 (ENEM 2013 2º APLICAÇÃO)

A charge faz uma crítica

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

O planeta Terra formou-se há cerca de  bilhões de anos. Inicialmente sua superfície era constituída por magma quente. As rochas teriam se formado a seguir, com o resfriamento desse material. As rochas mais antigas de que se tem conhecimento datam de 3,9 bilhões de anos e nelas não foram encontrados registros de vida, levantando a questão sobre como ocorreu o surgimento da vida no planeta.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     (Texto Modificado: Bio, Sônia Lopes, 2008.)

 Sobre o processo em destaque no texto, é correto afirmar que: 

Explique o significado das seguintes palavras ou expressões associadas ao regime militar brasileiro (1964 – 1985):



    Researchers studying 313 healthy Vietnam veterans have found that anger, depression and hostility may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and high blood pressure.

    Over a period of tem years, the men had regular physical examinations involving a wide variety of medical tests. They also underwent psychological examinations using well-established questionnaires to determine their levels of hostility, anger and depression.

    The researchers measured blood levels of a protein called C3, a marker for the inflammation that is a risk factor for cardiovascular illnesses. After controlling for other variables, the scientists found that those in the highest one-quarter in hostility, anger and depression showed a steady and significant increase in C3 levels, nwhile those in the lowest one-quarter had no increase.

www.nytimes.com, August 14, 2007. Adaptado.

(FUVEST 2008 1ª FASE) Os resultados do estudo mencionado no texto sugerem que