O servo pertence à terra e rende frutos ao dono da terra. O operário urbano livre, ao contrário, vende-se a si mesmo e, além disso, por partes. Vende em leilão 8,10,12,15 horas da sua vida, dia após dia, a quem melhor pagar, ao proprietário das matérias-primas, dos instrumentos de trabalho e dos meios de subsistência, isto é, ao capitalista.

MARX, K. Trabalho assalariado e capital & salário, preço e lucro. São Paulo: Expressão Popular, 2010.

O texto indica que houve uma transformação dos espaços urbanos e rurais com a implementação do sistema capitalista, devido às mudanças tecnossociais ligadas ao

(ESPM) Emerging economies 

The Great Deceleration

The emerging-market slowdown is not the beginning of a bust. But it is a turning-point for the world economy

WHEN a champion sprinter falls short of his best speeds, it takes a while to determine whether he is temporarily on poor form or has permanently lost his edge. The same is true with emerging markets, the world economy’s 21st-century sprinters. After a decade of surging growth, in which they led a global boom and then helped pull the world economy forwards in the face of the financial crisis, the emerging giants have slowed sharply.

China will be lucky if it manages to hit its official target of 7.5% growth in 2013, a far cry from the double-digit rates that the country had come to expect in the 2000s. Growth in India (around 5%), Brazil and Russia (around 2.5%) is barely half what it was at the height of the boom. Collectively, emerging markets may (just) match last year’s pace of 5%. That sounds fast compared with the sluggish rich world, but it is the slowest emerging-economy expansion in a decade, barring 2009 when the rich world slumped.

This marks the end of the dramatic first phase of the emerging-market era, which saw such economies jump from 38% of world output to 50% (measured at purchasing-power parity, or PPP) over the past decade. Over the next ten years emerging economies will still rise, but more gradually. The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable. But the longer-term impact on the world economy will be profound.

 Running out of puff

 In the past, periods of emerging-market boom have tended to be followed by busts (which helps explain why so few poor countries have become rich ones). A determined pessimist can find reasons to fret today, pointing in particular to the risks of an even more drastic deceleration in China or of a sudden global monetary tightening. But this time a broad emerging-market bust looks unlikely.

China is in the midst of a precarious shift from investment-led growth to a more balanced, consumption-based model. Its investment surge has prompted plenty of bad debt. But the central government has the fiscal strength both to absorb losses and to stimulate the economy if necessary. That is a luxury few emerging economies have ever had. It makes disaster much less likely. And with rich-world economies still feeble, there is little chance that monetary conditions will suddenly tighten. Even if they did, most emerging economies have better defences than ever before, with flexible exchange rates, large stashes of foreign-exchange reserves and relatively less debt (much of it in domestic currency).

That’s the good news. The bad news is that the days of record-breaking speed are over. China’s turbocharged investment and export model has run out of puff. Because its population is ageing fast, the country will have fewer workers, and because it is more prosperous, it has less room for catch-up growth. Ten years ago China’s per person GDP measured at PPP was 8% of America’s; now it is 18%. China will keep on catching up, but at a slower clip.

That will hold back other emerging giants. Russia’s burst of speed was propelled by a surge in energy prices driven by Chinese growth. Brazil sprinted ahead with the help of a boom in commodities and domestic credit; its current combination of stubborn inflation and slow growth shows that its underlying economic speed limit is a lot lower than most people thought. The same is true of India, where near-double-digit annual rises in GDP led politicians, and many investors, to confuse the potential for rapid catch-up (a young, poor population) with its inevitability. India’s growth rate could be pushed up again, but not without radical reforms—and almost certainly not to the peak pace of the 2000s.

Jul 27th 2013/www.economist.com

The pronoun they in the underlined sentence of the fifth paragraph of the text: “Even if they did, …” refers to  

Leia o texto a seguir sobre o pacto de vassalagem.

            As obrigações entre o suserano e seu vassalo podiam ser firmadas numa cerimônia complexa, na qual eram dados vários passos.

            Em um primeiro momento, o futuro vassalo ajoelhava-se perante aquele que se tornava seu senhor e passava a se considerar homem de sua confiança.

            Depois, o vassalo jurava fidelidade ao senhor diante da Bíblia ou de relíquias de santos. Em algumas regiões, esse ato era concluído com um beijo.

            O último ato da celebração era a investidura, pela qual o vassalo recebia do senhor um ramo ou algum objeto que representava a doação de um feudo.

Texto adaptado - Júnior, Hilário Franco. O feudalismo. São Paulo, Brasiliense, 1983. p. 44.

A partir do texto, podemos apontar como característica do feudalismo

(FUVEST) Para que a célula possa transportar, para seu interior, o colesterol da circulação sanguínea, é necessária a presença de uma determinada proteína em sua membrana. Existem mutações no gene responsável pela síntese dessa proteína que impedem a sua produção. Quando um homem ou uma mulher possui uma dessas mutações, mesmo tendo também um alelo normal, apresenta hipercolesterolemia, ou seja, aumento do nível de colesterol no sangue.

A hipercolesterolemia devida a essa mutação tem, portanto, herança

“Marcelo e seu irmão alugaram uma casa de praia e, chegando ao local, frustraram-se ao ver a areia e o mar cheios de manchas de petróleo”.

Quando toneladas de petróleo são despejadas no oceano, geralmente por negligência humana, ondas de óleo aparecem nas praias, nas encostas pedregosas e nos portos, e vários animais são cobertos por uma fina e grudenta camada de óleo, sucumbindo a uma morte lenta e agonizante.

A morte lenta e agonizante dos animais citada no texto pode ser explicada pela