Se a mania de fechar, verdadeiro habitus da mentalidade medieval nascido talvez de um profundo sentimento de insegurança, estava difundida no mundo rural, estava do mesmo modo no meio urbano, pois que uma das características da cidade era de ser limitada por portas e por uma muralha.

DUBY, G. et al. “Séculos XIV-XV”. In: ARIÈS, P.; DUBY, G. História da vida privada da Europa Feudal à Renascença.

São Paulo: Cia. das Letras, 1990 (adaptado).

As práticas e os usos das muralhas sofreram importantes mudanças no final da Idade Média, quando elas assumiram a função de pontos de passagem ou pórticos. Este processo está diretamente relacionado com

TEXTO I

カプリス TAYUTA Capri, de Yoshitoshi Kanemaki

TEXTO II

Obra sem título, de Edgard de Souza.

Between now and 2050 the number of people living in cities will grow from 3.9 billion to 6.3 billion. The proportion of urban dwellers will swell from 54% to 67% of the world’s population, according to the UN. In other words, for the next 36 years the world’s cities will expand by the equivalent of six São Paulos every year. This growth will largely occur in developing countries. But most governments there are ignoring the problem, says William Cobbett of the Cities Alliance, an NGO that supports initiatives such as the one launched by New York University to help cities make long-term preparations for their growth. “Whether we want it or not, urbanisation is inevitable,” say specialists. “The real question is: how can we improve its quality?”

The Economist, 21 jun. 2014 (adaptado).

O crescimento populacional é um dos principais temas de pesquisas. O artigo destaca que a (0)

(PUCMG) Uma pilha é realizada, nas condições padrões, a partir dos pares redox Cu²⁺ /Cu (E^o = 0,34 V) e Cu⁺ /Cu (E^o = 0,52 V).  Sua força eletromotriz (fem) é:

 Study: Literary Criticism Is Still Overwhelmingly Male

By Zach Schonfeld

Women writers are all over the best-seller lists, but literary criticism is still predominantly a male field.

That’s according to the latest numbers from the volunteer organization VIDA: Women in the Literary Arts, which works for gender and racial parity in the literary world. This year’s report covers prestigious publications like The New York Review of Books, which published 227 male reviewers last year but only 54 female reviewers, and The London Review of Books, which published 146 male critics and 44 women during the same period. The Paris Review “made great strides toward gender parity” in 2013, the report notes, but then slid and published substantially fewer women than men in 2014.

As The Guardian points out, those figures are especially striking when you consider that women are more avid readers than men in the U.K., where some of the biggest offenders are based.

The figures are not all disheartening. Major magazines like The New Yorker, The Atlantic and Harper’s all showed increases in the number of women published in 2014.

That data are valuable (without VIDA, the figures would likely go untallied), and the broader awareness even more so. Top editors likely know gender disparity is an issue, but they’re more likely to pay attention to it when an organization like VIDA is paying attention to them.

SCHONFELD, Z. Disponível em: www.newsweek.com. Acesso em: 15 abr. 2015 (adaptado).

No texto, o autor lança mão de palavras como “literary ”, “male” e “female” para apresentar uma matéria jornalística cujo tema está relacionado ao(à)