(FUVEST 2006 1ª FASE) 

Os climogramas I e II correspondem, respectivamente, às áreas assinaladas no mapa com as letras

(UFMG) Os resultados da experiência de bombardeamento de uma lâmina de ouro com partículas alfa foram corretamente interpretados por Rutherford, em 1911.

Todas as alternativas apresentam conclusões resultantes dessa experiência, EXCETO:

 Reciclar é só parte da solução

O lixo é um grande problema da sustentabilidade. Literalmente: todos os anos, cada brasileiro produz 385 kg de resíduos — dá 61 milhões de toneladas no total. O certo seria tentar diminuir ao máximo essa quantidade de lixo. Ou seja, em vez de ter objetos recicláveis, o ideal seria produzir sempre objetos reutilizáveis, o que diminui os resíduos. Mas, enquanto isso não acontece, temos que nos contentar com a reciclagem. E é aí que vem um detalhe perigoso: reciclar o lixo também polui o ambiente e gasta energia. Reciclar vidro, por exemplo, é 15% mais caro do que produzi-lo a partir de matérias-primas virgens. Afinal, é feito basicamente de areia, soda e calcário, que são abundantes na natureza. Então, nenhuma empresa tem interesse em reciclá-lo. Já o alumínio é um supernegócio, porque economiza muita energia.

HORTA, M. Disponível em: http://super.abril.com.br. Acesso em: 25 maio 2012

O emprego adequado dos elementos de coesão contribui para a construção de um texto argumentativo e para que os objetivos pretendidos pelo autor possam ser alcançados. A análise desses elementos no texto mostra que o conectivo:

A análise gráfica é um dos principais modos de ler o mercado para negociar ativos financeiros. Um dos modelos para análise da tendência do valor do ativo prevê que as cotações fiquem compreendidas no interior de um triângulo. Nesse cenário, supõe-se que as cotações do ativo ficarão delimitadas por duas linhas (lados do triângulo) que convergirão para o ápice do valor (vértice do triângulo).

A seguir, tem-se um exemplo desse caso, com valores simplificados presentes em uma simulação da venda de ativos em dólares (USD).

Na simulação apresentada, iniciada em 19 de março, o ápice está previsto para quantos dias após seu início e para qual valor em USD?

(UNIFESP) The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance

By The Editorial Board

May 10, 2014

The World Health Organization has surveyed the growth of antibiotic-resistant germs around the world – the first such survey it has ever conducted – and come up with disturbing findings. In a report issued late last month, the organization found that antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (the main focus of the report), fungi, viruses and parasites is an increasingly serious threat in every part of the world. “A problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine,” the organization said. “A post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can kill, far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century.”

The growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens means that in ever more cases, standard treatments no longer work, infections are harder or impossible to control, the risk of spreading infections to others is increased, and illnesses and hospital stays are prolonged. All of these drive up the costs of illnesses and the risk of death. The survey sought to determine the scope of the problem by asking countries to submit their most recent surveillance data (114 did so). Unfortunately, the data was glaringly incomplete because few countries track and monitor antibiotic resistance comprehensively, and there is no standard methodology for doing so.

Still, it is clear that major resistance problems have already developed, both for antibiotics that are used routinely and for those deemed “last resort” treatments to cure people when all else has failed. Carbapenem antibiotics, a class of drugs used as a last resort to treat life-threatening infections caused by a common intestinal bacterium, have failed to work in more than half the people treated in some countries. The bacterium is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and intensive-care patients. Similarly, the failure of a last-resort treatment for gonorrhoea has been confirmed in 10 countries, including many with advanced health care systems, such as Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Britain. And resistance to a class of antibiotics that is routinely used to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli is widespread; in some countries the drugs are now ineffective in more than half of the patients treated. This sobering report is intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.

The most urgent need is to minimize the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates the development of resistant strains. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued voluntary guidelines calling on drug companies, animal producers and veterinarians to stop indiscriminately using antibiotics that are important for treating humans on livestock; the drug companies have said they will comply. But the agency, shortsightedly, ¹has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin and two forms of tetracycline by animal producers to promote growth unless they provide proof that it will not promote drug-resistant microbes.

The pharmaceutical industry needs to be encouraged to develop new antibiotics to supplement those that are losing their effectiveness. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents pharmacists in Britain, called this month for stronger financial incentives. It said that no new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987, largely because the financial returns for finding new classes of antibiotics are too low. Unlike lucrative drugs to treat chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments, antibiotics are typically taken for a short period of time, and any new drug is apt to be used sparingly and held in reserve to treat patients resistant to existing drugs. Antibiotics have transformed medicine and saved countless lives over the past seven decades. Now, rampant overuse and the lack of new drugs in the pipeline threaten to undermine their effectiveness.

(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.) 

No trecho do quarto parágrafo (ref. 1), “has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin”, o termo em destaque se refere a: