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Analise as imagens de crianças trabalhando em outras épocas.

O Trabalho Infantil não acontece somente na atualidade. Como revelam as fotografias, entre os anos de 1900 e 1940, as crianças eram exploradas em atividades domésticas, agrícolas, industriais e em serviços urbanos.

 A) As crianças submetidas à exploração do trabalho ficavam expostas a riscos e a perigos. Descreva um desses possíveis perigos.

B) Atualmente, quais medidas foram tomadas pelo governo e pela sociedade brasileira para proteger as crianças do trabalho explorado e de seus consequentes perigos?

 Física com a boca
Por que nossa voz fica tremida ao falar na frente do ventilador?
Além de ventinho, o ventilador gera ondas sonoras. Quando você não tem mais o que fazer e fica falando na frente dele, as ondas da voz se propagam na direção contrária às do ventilador. Davi Akkerman – presidente da Associação Brasileira para a Qualidade Acústica – diz que isso causa o mismatch, nome bacana para o desencontro entre as ondas. “O vento também contribui para a distorção da voz, pelo fato de ser uma vibração que influencia no som”, diz. Assim, o ruído do ventilador e a influência do vento na propagação das ondas contribuem para distorcer sua bela voz.  

Disponível em: http://super.abril.com.br. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2012 (adaptado).

Sinais de pontuação são símbolos gráficos usados para organizar a escrita e ajudar na compreensão da mensagem. No texto, o sentido não é alterado em caso de substituição dos travessões por:

(ESPM) Seu principal objetivo era demonstrar, por um raciocínio lógico formal, a autenticidade dos dogmas cristãos. A filosofia devia desempenhar um papel auxiliar na realização deste objetivo. Por isso a tese de que a filosofia está a serviço da teologia.

(Antonio Carlos Wolkmer – Introdução à História do Pensamento Político)

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(UERJ) What’s in a name?

The trouble with lingo

Remember the campaign in New York for garbage collectors to be called sanitation engineers?

Near the top of the strike’s agenda was the matter of getting the respect due to the people doing such essential work. Unfortunately, the new euphemistic title clarified nothing about the work and by now is either simply not heard for what it means, or is used in moments of gentle disdain. ¹⁰A clearer term may have both generated the respect desired and withstood the test of time.

Clarity and sincerity matter. Terms which mislead, confuse or cause offence can become a distraction from the real content of public debate. In the search for consensus, ²since public understanding is harder to change than terminology, changing the terminology might be a better place to start. No additional prejudice or emotion should be brought to a debate by the terminology used in it. Here are two examples.

Genetic Engineering and Genetic Modification

Despite the insistence of biotech scientists that genes of completely different species are no longer being mixed, the message isn’t being heard. They insist that they are now involved only in developments which simply hasten the natural processes of selective and cross breeding or cross pollination. As farmers and horticulturists have been doing exactly this, unquestioned, for years, they cannot understand public resistance.

The problem may well be the terminology. In this context, the words “scientific” or “genetic” have been irreparably sullied. If “genetic engineering” has, in the public’s view, become synonymous with the indiscriminate mixing of genes, and if the softer label “genetically modified” hasn’t been able to shake off a perception of sinister overtones, these terms might as well be dropped – or left attached only to experiments in Dr. Frankenstein’s laboratory.

Ideally, a new agricultural term would leave out the word “genetic” altogether: it seems to frighten the public. Assuming it described science’s benign genetic activities accurately, ⁸the term “productivity breeding” is not a trivial call for a euphemism; besides, it would probably encounter less public opposition.

So, let’s have new terms for selective cross breeding by scientists who simply speed up the same process that is carried out in nature.

 Clean coal*

³If this new term was intended to be clear, it hasn’t worked.

In “Politics and the English Language” (1946), George Orwell wrote that ⁴because so much political speech involves defending the indefensible, ¹¹it has to consist largely of euphemism. ⁶He insisted that, in politics, ⁷these euphemisms are “swindles” and “perversions” left deliberately vague in order to mislead. Deliberate or not, ¹²“clean coal” is one of these. Aside from being a contradiction in terms, the name is misleading, creating the impression of the existence of a new type of coal. In fact, it is ¹³ordinary coal which has been treated to “eliminate” most of its destructive by-products, which are then buried. The whole process produces emissions. ⁵This, though, isn’t clear when it is simply labelled “clean coal”. The term just doesn’t seem sincere. ⁹It’s a red rag to any green. It’s not asking too much to expect the term describing these procedures to be more accurate. A clearer term would be less provocative.

¹So, what’s in a name? A lot. There’s the possibility of confusion, prejudice, perversions and swindles. For the sake of fair debate, let’s mean what we say and say what we mean.

 * Coal: carvão

SEEARGH MACAULAY www.londongrip.com 

The logical relationship between clauses establishes different notions. An example which expresses the notion of concession is indicated in:

(UPE) A Proclamação da República é um episódio da modernização à brasileira. Nas décadas finais do Império, o vocábulo república expandiu seu campo semântico, incorporando as ideias de liberdade, progresso, ciência, democracia, termos que apontavam, todos, para um futuro desejado.

MELLO, Maria Tereza Chaves. A modernidade Republicana. In: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/tem/v13n26/a02v1326.pdf. (Adaptado)

O texto demonstra que, no final do Segundo Império, os ideais republicanos já estavam bastante difundidos no Brasil. Os adeptos do republicanismo, nesse período, tinham como principal pensamento a