Leia o documento a seguir escrito pelos organizadores da primeira enciclopédia da História, os iluministas Diderot e D´Alembert.

Nenhum homem recebeu da natureza o direito de comandar os outros. A liberdade é um presente do céu, e cada indivíduo da mesma espécie tem o direito de gozar dela logo goze da razão. [...] Toda outra autoridade [...] vem duma outra origem, que não é da natureza. Examinando-a bem, sempre se fará remontar a uma dessas fontes: ou a força e a violência daquele que dela se apoderou; ou o consentimento daqueles que lhe são submetidos, por um contrato celebrado [...] entre eles e aquele a quem deferiram a autoridade. O poder que se adquire pela violência não é mais que uma usurpação e não dura senão pelo tempo porque a força daquele que comanda prevalece sobre a daqueles que obedecem. [...] O poder que vem do consentimento dos povos supõe necessariamente condições que tornem o seu uso legítimo útil à sociedade, vantajoso para a república, e que fixam e restringem [...] limites [...].

DIDEROT e D´ALEMBERT. Verbetes políticos da Enciclopédia. São Paulo: Unesp, 2006. p. 37.

Vocabulário:

gozar: desfrutar.

consentimento: permissão; concordância.

deferir: conceder.

usurpação: crime de apoderamento ilegal de autoridade.

De acordo com os autores do texto, o princípio de autoridade:

(UERJ) The Genre of Autobiography and Autofiction

Derived from three Greek words meaning “self”, “life” and “write”, autobiography is a style of writing that has been around nearly as long as history has been recorded. Yet, autobiography was not classified as a genre within itself until the late eighteenth century.

In his book, Inside out, E. Stuart Bates offers a functional definition of autobiography as “a narrative of the past of a person by the person concerned”. That definition, however, is too broad for some literary critics. Many, such as Philippe Lejeune, wish to define the genre more narrowly: “(a) retrospective prose narrative produced by a real person concerning his own existence, focusing on his individual life, in particular on the development of his personality”.

Despite disagreements concerning how inclusive the category of autobiography should be, there are characteristics that are common to the majority of autobiographical works. These features are the grammatical perspective of the work, the identity of the self, self-reflection and introspection.

Most autobiographies are written from the first person singular perspective. The author, the narrator and the protagonist must share a common identity for the work to be considered an autobiography. This common identity could be similar, but is not identical. The self that the author constructs becomes a character within the story that may not be a completely factual representation of the author’s actual past self.

In their book The voice within, Roger Porter and H. R. Wolf state that “truth is a highly subjective matter, and no autobiographer can represent exactly what happened back then, any more than a historian can definitively describe the real truth of the past”.

Because the author cannot describe events objectively, even the most accurate autobiographies have fictional elements. The blurring of fiction and truth characteristic of autobiography has even led to the creation of a subdivision within the genre of autobiography that deals with fictionalized self-accounts. For this style of writing that blends characteristics of both fiction and autobiography, Serge Doubrovsky coined the literary term “autofiction”.

The difference between traditional autobiography and the genre of autofiction is that autobiographers are attempting to depict their real life, while writers of autofiction are only basing their work upon real experiences. Writers of autofiction are not expected to be as historically accurate as possible as autobiographers are. According to Alex Hughes, authors of autofiction are saying “this is me and this is not me”. ¹This sums up autofiction. Autofiction draws from the life of the writer with the addition of fictional elements to make the work more than just a life story.

Autobiography is a popular genre. ²Writers of memoirs and life stories never lack an audience. People are interested in the actual lives of others and want to know about others’ pasts and feelings and desires. Autobiography is a way to organize the story of a life and reflect on the past in order to better understand the present.

hubpages.com

Writers of memoirs and life stories never lack an audience. People are interested in the actual lives of others (ref. 2)The semantic relationship between the two sentences above can be made explicit by the addition of following connective:

(ESPM) 24 de abril de 2015. Apesar do prenún­cio de chuva que ameaçava cair em Everan, capital da Armênia, país da Europa Orien­tal, centenas de milhares de pessoas com­pareceram à cerimônia realizada no Me­morial às Vítimas do Genocídio Armênio para reverenciar a lembrança de cerca de 1 milhão e quinhentos mil mortos em um dos episódios mais tenebrosos da história contemporânea.

 (Revista Leituras da História)

O genocídio armênio, tratado no texto como um dos episódios mais tenebrosos da histó­ria contemporânea, ocorreu durante: