(UFPA) The Impact of Media Violence on Children and Adolescents: Opportunities for Clinical Interventions

Over the past 30 years there has been extensive research on the relationship between televised violence and violent behavior among youth. Longitudinal, cross-sectional, and experimental studies have all confirmed this correlation. Televised violence and the presence of television in American households have increased steadily over the years. Studies reveal that children watch approximately 28 hours of television a week, more time than they spend in school. The typical American child will view more than 200,000 acts of violence, including more than 16,000 murders before age 18. Television programs display 812 violent acts per hour; children's programming, particularly cartoons, displays up to 20 violent acts hourly.

How does televised violence result in aggressive behavior? Some researchers have demonstrated that very young children will imitate aggressive acts on TV in their play with peers. Before age 4, children are unable to distinguish between fact and fantasy and may view violence as an ordinary occurrence. In general, violence on television and in movies often conveys a model of conflict resolution. It is efficient, frequent, and inconsequential. Heroes are violent, and, as such, are rewarded for their behavior. 1They become role models for youth. The typical scenario of using violence for a righteous cause may translate in daily life into a justification for using violence to retaliate against perceived victimizers. Hence, vulnerable youth who have been victimized may be tempted to use violent means to solve problems. Unfortunately, there are few, if any, models of nonviolent conflict resolution in the media. Additionally, children who watch televised violence are desensitized to it. They may come to see violence as a fact of life and, over time, lose their ability to empathize with both the victim and the victimizer.

Child and adolescent psychiatrists, pediatricians and other physicians can have a major impact on the effects of media violence. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has created a list of recommendations to address television violence. It suggests that physicians talk openly with parents about the nature and extent of viewing patterns in their homes. Parents should limit television to 1-2 hours daily and watch programs with their children, enabling them to address any objectionable material seen.

Physicians should make parents and schools "media literate," meaning they should understand the risks of exposure to violence and teach children how to interpret what they see on television and in the movies, including the intent and content of commercials. In doing so, children may be increasingly able to discern which media messages are suitable. Schools and homes should teach children conflict resolution.

Physicians, in their role as health promoters, should become more active in educating the media to become more sensitive to the impact of violence on youth. The arena of media violence is a new frontier where physicians can promote health through public education and advocacy.

(http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/developmentor/the_impact_of_media_violence_on_children_and_adolescents_opportunities_for_clinical_interventions)

No enunciado “They become role models for youth” (ref. 1), o vocábulo sublinhado se refere a:

(FUVEST 2009 1ª FASE) Dos termos sublinhados nas frases abaixo, o único que está inadequado ao contexto ocorre em:

A presença de tampão é fundamental para manter a estabilidade de ecossistemas pequenos, como lagos, por exemplo. Íons fosfato, originários da decomposição da matéria orgânica, formam um tampão, sendo um dos equilíbrios expressos pela seguinte equação:

H₂PO₄^- (aq) -> HPO₄^2- (aq) + H⁺ (aq)

Se no equilíbrio foram medidas as concentrações molares [H₂PO₄^-] = 2 M, [HPO₄^2-] = 1 M e [H⁺] = 0,2 M, o valor da constante de equilíbrio (admitindo-se comportamento ideal) será:   

 O prefeito de uma cidade deseja promover uma festa popular no parque municipal para comemorar o aniversário de fundação do município. Sabe-se que esse parque possui formato retangular, com 120 m de comprimento por 150 m de largura. Além disso, para segurança das pessoas presentes no local, a polícia recomenda que a densidade média, num evento dessa natureza, não supere quatro pessoas por metro quadrado.

Seguindo as recomendações de segurança estabelecidas pela polícia, qual é o número máximo de pessoas que poderão estar presentes na festa?

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