As póleis (plural de pólis) gregas surgiram de comunidades igualitárias que se tornaram cidades-Estados com governos próprios. As duas principais cidades foram Atenas e Esparta, marcadas por diferentes formas de política, sociedade e cultura.

Esparta tinha uma educação voltada para_____  e era uma cidade governada por _____ , por isso era uma           .

Por outro lado, Atenas tinha uma educação voltada para  _____  ; a cidade era governada por _____ e, por isso, era uma           .

Complete o trecho acima, de acordo com seus conhecimentos sobre Grécia antiga.

THE POWER OF METAPHORS

Imagine your city isn’t as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are

increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city officials

do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and lock them away in a growing network of

prisons? Or design programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a faltering economy

[05] and underperforming schools?

Your answer – and the reasoning behind it – can hinge on the metaphor being used to describe the

problem, according to new research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can even be swayed

with just one word, they say.

Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral candidate Paul Thibodeau were

[10] curious about how subtle cues and common figures of speech can frame approaches to difficult

problems. “Some estimates suggest that one out of every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor”,

said Thibodeau, the study’s lead author. “But we didn’t know the extent to which these metaphors

influence people”.

In five experiments, test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs about rising crime rates in

[15] the fictional city of Addison and answer questions about the city. The researchers gauged how

people answered these questions in light of how crime was described – as a beast or a virus.

They found the test subjects’ proposed solutions differed a great deal depending on the metaphor

they were exposed to. The results have shown that people will likely support an increase in police

forces and jailing of offenders if crime is described as a “beast” preying on a community. But if

[20] people are told crime is a “virus” infecting a city, they are more inclined to treat the problem

with social reform. According to Boroditsky: “People like to think they’re objective. They want to

believe they’re logical. But they’re really being swayed by metaphors”.

To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the researchers also examined what role

political persuasions play in people’s approach to reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans

[25] would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate criminals than Democrats, who would prefer

enacting social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more likely to suggest an

enforcement-based solution.

“We can’t talk about any complex situation – like crime – without using metaphors”, said

Boroditsky. “Metaphors aren’t just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things

[30] we’re trying to explain and figure out. And they have consequences for determining what we decide

is the right approach to solving problems”.

While their research focused on attitudes about crime, their findings can be used to understand the

implications of how a casual or calculated turn of phrase can influence debates and change minds.

Adaptado de news.stanford.edu.

Metaphors aren’t just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things we’re trying to explain and figure out. (l. 29-30)

In order to clarify the meaning relation between the two sentences above, the following word can be inserted in the underlined one:

O dióxido de nitrogênio, proveniente da queima de combustíveis fósseis, é uma das espécies que mais  contribui para o efeito da chuva ácida. A reação química que provoca a diminuição do pH da água da chuva é representada pelo equilíbrio a seguir:

Num ensaio em laboratório, foram acondicionados num sistema fechado N2(g), O2(g), NO2(g) e vapor de água que está em equilíbrio com água líquida. A partir desses dados, considere as seguintes afirmações:

1. O aumento na pressão total do sistema tenderá a diminuir o pH da solução dentro do sistema.

2. Um aquecimento brando tenderá a aumentar o pH da solução dentro do sistema.

3. A adição de excesso de água líquida no sistema tenderá a deslocar o equilíbrio, diminuindo o pH da  solução dentro do sistema.

4. A contribuição do ácido nitroso (HNO2) para o pH da solução dentro do sistema é desprezível.

Assinale a alternativa correta.

Balão com gás Hélio inicialmente a 27◦C de temperatura e pressão de 1,0 atm, as mesmas do ar externo, sobe até o topo de uma montanha, quando o gás se resfria a −23◦C e sua pressão reduz-se a 0,33 de atm, também as mesmas do ar externo. Considerando invaríavel a aceleração da gravidade na subida, a razão entre as forças de empuxo que atuam no balão nestas duas posições é

14.  

A tabela a seguir indica a densidade de três substâncias:

Crédito: Helena Barbosa Ferraz.

A posição que essas três substâncias assumirão ao serem colocadas em um mesmo recipiente será